What Is the Rarest Eye Color? (2024)

Green has traditionally been called therarest eye color. But new classifications say another color may be even less common—gray.

Eye color is an inherited trait with multiple genes affecting the shade. Genes related to the production of pigments—melanin, eumelanin, and pheomelanin—dictate the color of your skin, hair, and eyes. A person's eye color reflects a unique combination and concentration of pigments in the iris.

This article looks at rare eye colors and the genetics of different eye colors. It also discusses conditions that may change your eyes' appearance, health associations of different colors, age-related changes, and how to change your eye color.

The Anatomy of the Iris

What Is the Rarest Eye Color? (1)

Most Common and Rarest Eye Colors

The conventional eye colors have generally been thought of as:

  • Brown
  • Blue
  • Hazel (sometimes grouped with amber)
  • Green

Of those four, green is the rarest. It shows up in about 9% of Americans but only 2% of the world's population. Hazel/amber is the next rarest of these.

Blue is the second most common and brown tops the list with 45% of the U.S. population and possibly almost 80% worldwide.

Black is not an eye color. While some eyes may look black, they're either just a very dark brown or have large pupils (more on this below).

Gray: The Rarest Eye Color

New classifications have determined that gray is its own standard color. (It was previously, and incorrectly, lumped in with blue.) With this change, gray now tops the list as the rarest eye color.

EYE COLORU.S. POPULATIONWORLD POPULATION
Gray and otherLess than 1%Less than 1%
Green9%2%
Hazel/amber18%10%
Blue27%8% to 10%
Brown45%55% to 79%

There's not much information on gray-colored eyes. In studies, gray and blue have historically been combined.

This may change since the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) has separated gray into an "other" category, which it shares with rare eye color differences discussed later in this article.

What Determines Eye Color?

Eye color is influenced by the production of melanin, or pigments, in the iris—the colored part of your eye. More melanin means darker eyes, less means lighter eyes.

Different types of melanin determine the specific hue of eyes. Eumelanin is a black-brown pigment responsible for darker eyes, hair, and skin. Pheomelanin is a yellow-red pigment that behind green or amber eyes, red hair, and freckles.

People in countriesfarther away from the equator tendto have lighter-colored eyes and skin. Darker eyes and skin are common in warmer locales, closer to the equator. Of course, all of this comes down to genetics.

Genetics of Eye Color

Scientists used to think that eye color inheritance was a simple matter of whether genes present were dominant (expressed whenever present) or recessive (only expressed when matched with the same gene).

In other words, brown eye color (considered dominant) would be expected in a child even if only one parent has brown eyes. Blue eye color (considered recessive) would only be expected in a child with two blue-eye parents.

But recent discoveries have shown that the genetics of eye color are more complex than that. Two people with brown eyes, for example, can have a child with lighter eyes.

Most eye-color genes have something to do with the transport, production, and storage of melanin. More melanin in the iris makes for brown eyes, while less of it may mean blue, hazel, green, or gray eyes.

The amount of melanin present in the front of the iris, the back of the iris, and in the stroma layer between them matters too.

What Genes Determine Your Eye Color?

Multiple genes influence the various combinations and concentrations of melanin. The OCA2 gene plays the most prominent role in determining your eye color.

Researchers have identified at least nine other genes involved in the production and distribution of pigments. For example, the HERC2 gene turns the OAC2 gene on and off as needed.

Other genes that play a role in eye color include ASIP,IRF4, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC45A2,TPCN2, TYR, andTYRP1. Countless combinations of these genes produce a continuum of eye colors in individuals.

Eye Color Genetics

Other Eye Color Differences

Abnormal eye colors or appearances are rare and fall into the "other" category with gray eyes.

Heterochromia

People with heterochromia have different colored eyes. Some people are born like this. Often there's no known reason for it, but it can be caused by a condition known as piebaldism, a lack of pigment-producing cells in patches of hair, skin, and, in some cases, one eye.

What Is the Rarest Eye Color? (2)

You can alsodevelopheterochromia later in life. It can occur due to:

  • Injury
  • Eye surgery
  • Medication, including some glaucoma drugs
  • Illness, including glaucoma and diabetes

Heterochromia itself doesn't need to be treated. If it's caused by an underlying condition, though, you should get proper treatment for that condition.

The Science Behind Different Colored Eyes

Anisocoria

Anisocoria is when someone has two different pupil sizes. The larger the pupil, the more black there is in the center of the eye. This isn't an eye color, but it can make someone look like they have heterochromia.

Anisocoria is usually harmless, but it can be a symptom of some serious eye problems. These may include:

  • Nervous system problems
  • Previous eye damage
  • High stroke risk
  • Viral infection
  • A condition called Adie's tonic pupil, in which one pupil doesn't react well to light
  • Horner syndrome, a rare condition involving drooping eyelids, different-sized pupils, and lack of facial sweat

If you have anisocoria along with certain other symptoms, you should see an eye doctor. Watch for symptoms such as:

  • Dropping eyelids
  • Difficulty moving your eye
  • Pain in your eye
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Reduced sweating

Anisocoria itself doesn't need to be treated, but an underlying condition may need to be.

Albino Eyes: Red, Pink, Violet

Albinism is low amounts of melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes. In some people, it only affects the eyes. This is called ocular albinism.

People with albinism may have lighter versions of standard eye colors. But they may also have eyes that appear:

  • Red
  • Pink
  • Violet

The iris doesn't actually have red, pink, or violet pigment, though. These colors result from blood vessels at the back of the eye being visible. In other people, the color of the iris blocks the view of these blood vessels.

People with albinism often have serious vision problems. That's because melanin helps the eye develop normally before birth.

Eye Color and Your Health

Having a rare eye color or appearance may seem special and distinctive. It may go beyond appearance, though, as eye color (or shade) may be tied to certain health benefits or concerns.

A2014study concluded women with light-colored eyes were better able to withstand pain during pregnancy than those with darker eyes. The sample size for this study was relatively small, including just 58 women, but another small study had similar results.

A review from2015suggests people with darker eyes may have a reduced risk of hearing loss not related to age.

However, research from2011, suggests a link between blue eyes and type 1 diabetes. This work hasn't been replicated, though.

Lighter eye color is also associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, which causes a loss of your center field of vision, as well as ocular melanoma (cancer in or around the eye).

This is all preliminary work, though. More research is needed to confirm such connections and associations.

Eye Color and Changes With Age

Your eye color can change in adulthood and may take on a more rare appearance. Sometimes, it's not a cause for concern. Other times, it's due to diseases, medication use, or injury and may need treatment.

If you don't have gray eyes but they appear to become more gray over time, it may be due to a cataract. This is a clouding of the eye's lens. Cataracts can affect your vision and may need to be surgically removed. Let your eye-care provider know if your eyes appear to be turning gray or milky.

Brown freckles can develop in your iris over time, usually due to sun exposure. Most of them are harmless but sometimes they can be cancerous, so bring those to your provider's attention if they occur.

Conditions like Fuchs heterochromic iridocycl*tis can lighten your eye color and may lead to serious vision problems. Fuchs involves inflammation in some of the structures at the front of your eye. It may cause:

  • Loss of pigment in your eye, which changes the color
  • Atrophy (wasting) of the iris
  • Cataracts
  • Glaucoma, which can cause loss of vision

It may seem fun or exciting to have your eyes change color. Because of the potential for serious vision problems, though, you should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Changing Your Eye Color

If you want to change your eye colored contact lenses are the easiest option. You can have color added to lenses you wear to correct your vision.

If you don't need corrective lenses, you can order some that are purely for looks. However, you should still see an eye-care professional and get a prescription for them. TheAAOrecommends never buying contact lenses that don’t require a prescription due to an increased risk of eye infections.

Frequently Asked Questions

  • What causes eye color to change?

    Eye color changes can be caused by genetics, disease, medication, and trauma. For example, some medications that treat glaucoma, a condition that causes increased eye pressure, can cause eye color to change over time.

  • Is it possible to have natural red eyes?

    Yes, some people's eyes naturally appear red. The iris itself isn't red, but a lack of pigment can allow blood vessels behind the eye to show through. The eyes then look red, pink, or violet.

    Learn More:Types and Symptoms of Albinism

  • What makes eyes hazel?

    Light brown pigment in the iris interacts with blue light in the eye, resulting in green, speckled, or hazel eyes.

  • Does eye color affect vision?

    It may. Preliminary research links lighter eye colors with a higher risk of macular degeneration (a disease that makes you lose your center field of vision) and cancer of the eye.

    Learn More:Symptoms of Macular Degeneration

16 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

  1. Grigore M, Avram A. Iris colour classification scales—then and now.Rom J Ophthalmol. 2015;59(1):29-33.

  2. Katsara M-A, Nothnagel M. True colors: A literature review on the spatial distribution of eye and hair pigmentation.Forensic Science International: Genetics. 2019;39:109-118. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.01.001

  3. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Is eye color determined by genetics?

  4. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. Heterochromia.

  5. National Institutes of Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus. Piebaldism.

  6. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. What is anisocoria?

  7. Nemours TeensHealth. Albinism.

  8. National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation: NOAH. Information bulletin - what is albinism.

  9. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center: Inside Life Changing Medicine. Can eye color predict pain tolerance?

  10. Holmgaard H, Hansen EØ, Dong NP, Dixen LB, Nielsen GA, Poulsen JN, Gazerani P. Individuals with dark eyes and hair exhibit higher pain sensitivity. Somatosens Mot Res. 2017 Mar;34(1):21-26. doi:10.1080/08990220.2016.1276439

  11. Stasio ED, Maggi D, Berardesca E, et al. Blue eyes as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes.Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2011;27(6):609-613. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1214

  12. Mount Sinai. Macular degeneration.

  13. American Academy of Ophthalmology. What is ocular melanoma?

  14. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. Why are my eyes changing color?

  15. American Academy of Ophthalmology: EyeSmart. Are costume contact lenses safe?

  16. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye color: Unique as a fingerprint.

Additional Reading

What Is the Rarest Eye Color? (3)

By Steph Coelho
Steph Coelho is a freelance health and wellness writer and editor with nearly a decade of experience working on content related to health, wellness, mental health, chronic illness, fitness, sexual wellness, and health-related tech.She's written extensively about chronic conditions, telehealth, aging, CBD, and mental health. Her work has appeared in Insider, Healthline, WebMD, Greatist, Medical News Today, and more.

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What Is the Rarest Eye Color? (2024)

FAQs

What eye Colour is the rarest? ›

Green is considered by some to be the actual rarest eye color in the world, though others would say it's been dethroned by red, violet, and grey eyes. Green eyes don't possess a lot of melanin, which creates a Rayleigh scattering effect: Light gets reflected and scattered by the eyes instead of absorbed by pigment.

What are the top 3 rarest eye colors? ›

Gray: The Rarest Eye Color
EYE COLORU.S. POPULATIONWORLD POPULATION
Gray and otherLess than 1%Less than 1%
Green9%2%
Hazel/amber18%10%
Blue27%8% to 10%
1 more row
Mar 12, 2023

What is the rarest 2nd eye color? ›

Of the less common eye colors, pink and red eyes are considered to be the most unique in the world, giving new meaning to the word “rare.” Only one in every 20,000 people have a form of albinism, according to the National Institutes of Health, and even fewer have red-tinted eyes.

What is rarer green or grey eyes? ›

Green eyes are rarer than gray eyes, but only by 1%. Around 3% of the world's population has gray eyes. Like blue eyes, gray eyes are caused by a lack of melanin in the iris. What sets them apart from blue irises is the stroma layer.

What is the 5 rarest eye color? ›

The world of eye color rareness is a fascinating one, with green, amber, gray, hazel, and violet or red eyes being the rarest of them all. These unique colors are a result of a complex interplay between genetic factors and the presence of pigments like melanin or lipochrome in the iris.

Do purple eyes exist? ›

Unbelievable as it may seem, the answer is yes—natural purple eyes do exist. Purple eyes are also commonly referred to as “violet eyes,” as they are typically a light shade. For most people, this striking eye color can only be achieved with the help of colored contacts.

What is the prettiest eye color? ›

We found that green is the most popular lens colour, with brown coming in a close second, despite it being one of the most common eye colours. Although blue and hazel are seen as the most attractive eye colours for men and women they are surprisingly the least popular.

What is the 2 most popular eye color? ›

The vast majority of people in the world have brown eyes. The second most common color is blue, but people can also have green, gray, amber, or red eyes. Some people have eyes that are different colors than each other.

How rare are sunflower eyes? ›

Complete heterochromia is definitely rare — fewer than 200,000 Americans have the condition, according to the National Institutes of Health. That's only about six out of every 10,000 people. It's currently unknown how rare central heterochromia is, but we do know that it isn't quite as rare as complete heterochromia.

How rare is purple eyes? ›

True purple eyes are exceedingly rare. Less than 1% of the world's population has them, making them rarer than blue, hazel, amber, grey, or green.

How rare is red eyes? ›

Only 1% of people have pink and pale red eyes; they are typically albinos. Albinism happens when there is a problem with one of the genes inherited from the mother. Like red eyes, heterochromia is rare and effects less than 1% of the population.

What is the rarest skin color? ›

The rarest skin color in the world is believed to be the white from albinism, a genetic mutation that causes a lack of melanin production in the human body. Albinism affects 1 in every 3,000 to 20,000 people. What is this? People with albinism usually have very pale or colorless skin, hair, and eyes.

Are red eyes real? ›

2. Red/Pink Eyes. Two major conditions cause a red or pinkish eye color: albinism and blood leaking into the iris. Although albinos tend to have very, very light blue eyes due to a lack of pigment, some forms of albinism can cause eyes to appear red or pink.

Is black eye color rare? ›

Some people think that black eyes are one of the rarest eye colors. Have you ever seen someone with eyes that seem black as night? Although they appear black, they are really just a very, very dark brown, which is caused by an abundance of melanin.

Can eyes change color? ›

Changes in eye color are rare. Sometimes, the color of your eye may appear to change when your pupils dilate. The colors in your environment, including lighting and your clothes, can give the illusion of eye color change.

What's the rarest hair color? ›

The rarest natural hair colour is red, which makes up only one to two percent of the global population. You commonly see these hair colours in western and northern areas of Europe, especially Scotland and Ireland. However, natural redheads may not exist for much longer.

What is the most famous eye color? ›

Around 1 in 4 people in the U.S. have blue eyes. Brown, which is the most common eye color in the world. Green, which is the least common eye color. Only 9% of people in the United States have green eyes.

Why are hazel eyes so rare? ›

Why are hazel eyes so rare? Only about 5 percent of the population worldwide has the hazel eye genetic mutation. After brown eyes, they have the most melanin. . The combination of having less melanin (as with green eyes) and a lot of melanin (like brown eyes) make this eye color unique.

Do yellow eyes exist? ›

The whites of your eyes (called the sclera) turn yellow when you have a condition called jaundice. The whites of your eyes might turn yellow when your body has too much of a chemical called bilirubin, a yellow substance that forms when red blood cells break down.

Did Elizabeth Taylor have violet eyes? ›

Elizabeth Taylor's Violet Eyes

"Violet may have been her typical pigmentation." Eye color can change based on the amount of light they're absorbing — and this can also be altered by the clothes we wear.

Is it possible to have Rainbow eyes? ›

Though common in some breeds of cats, dogs, cattle and horses due to inbreeding, heterochromia is uncommon in humans, affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, and is not associated with lack of genetic diversity.

What is the least attractive eye color? ›

Conversely, brown eyes are the most common color yet the least attractive to the survey's respondents. According to World Atlas, approximately 79% of the world's population has brown eyes, making it the most common eye color in the world.

What is the most innocent eye color? ›

Blue eyes also represent innocence and carefree. Brown eyes are a more mature eye color and represent stability, security and strength.

Who has the nicest eyes in the world? ›

​​Aishwarya Rai Bachchan to Penelope Cruz: Celebs with most beautiful eyes​
  • ​Aishwarya Rai Bachchan​ The former Miss World is famous for her blue-green eyes. ...
  • ​Penelope Cruz ​ ...
  • ​Olivia Wilde​ ...
  • Mila Kunis. ...
  • ​Megan Fox​ ...
  • ​Emma Stone​ ...
  • ​Charlize Theron​ ...
  • ​Angelina Jolie​
Apr 9, 2023

What is the coolest eye color? ›

When broken down by gender, men ranked gray, blue, and green eyes as the most attractive, while women said they were most attracted to green, hazel, and gray eyes. Despite brown eyes ranking at the bottom of our perceived attraction scale, approximately 79% of the world's population sports melanin-rich brown eyes.

Can Asians have blue eyes? ›

Although the traditional blue-eyed allele is rare in Asian populations, there are still a considerable number of people who have it.

Which parent determines eye color? ›

Your children inherit their eye colors from you and your partner. It's a combination of mom and dad's eye colors – generally, the color is determined by this mix and whether the genes are dominant or recessive. Every child carries two copies of every gene – one comes from mom, and the other comes from dad.

Is gold eye rare? ›

Amber eyes are extremely rare. Most sources say that only about 5% of people have true amber eyes. Coming up with a hard and fast number or percentage, though, is not as easy as you might think—there simply haven't been enough large-scale studies done to quantify eye color prevalence with certainty.

What is the rarest eye feature? ›

Green irises (the rarest eye color) have less melanin than brown eyes but more than blue eyes, for instance. “Brown is on one end, blue on the other, and hazel and green are in between,” Dr. Patel says.

What are the six eye colors? ›

Irises are classified as being one of six colors: amber, blue, brown, gray, green, hazel, or red. Often confused with hazel eyes, amber eyes tend to be a solid golden or copper color without flecks of blue or green typical of hazel eyes. Blue eyes have a low level of pigment present in the iris.

How rare is pink eyes? ›

How common is pink eye? Pink eye is one of the most common eye infections in children and adults. There are about 6 million cases of pink eye in the U.S. each year.

How rare are silver eyes? ›

Silver (grey) eyes: A grey-silver colour is quite rare and occurs as a result of virtually no melanin in the iris. Silver eyes are considered to be one of the rarest colours around the world, but when they do occur, this is most often seen in eastern Europe areas.

Is pink an eye color? ›

Unusual eye colors

True pink, red, or violet eyes are due to albinism, a condition in which the body is unable to produce or distribute melanin. The pink color is the color of the retina showing through.

What was the first eye color? ›

Blue Eyes. Originally, all humans had brown eyes. Some 6,000 to 10,000 years ago, a genetic mutation affecting one gene turned off the ability to produce enough melanin to color eyes brown causing blue eyes.

Is red hair rarer than green eyes? ›

Red hair and green eye genes are simply not as common in populations as other hair and eye colors. One study found that the red hair-green eyes genetic combination is one of the rarest, at -0.14 correlation. Having red hair and blue eyes is even rarer.

Are brown eyes rare? ›

Brown eyes are the most common: Over half the people in the world have them, according to the AAO. In fact, about 10,000 years ago, all humans had brown eyes.

Who has the whitest skin in the world? ›

According to researchers at Penn State University, translucent Irish can thank a genetic code inherited from a single person around 10,000 years ago. A native of either India or the Middle East, carrying the skin pigmentation gene logged as SLC24A5, passed it to the people of Ireland through his ancestors.

What skin color is olive? ›

Olive skin is a human skin colour spectrum. It is often associated with pigmentation in the Type III to Type IV and Type V ranges of the Fitzpatrick scale. It generally refers to moderate or lighter tan or brownish skin, and it is often described as having tan to brown or golden undertones.

Why are there 2 skin colors? ›

People have different skin colors mainly because their melanocytes produce different amount and kinds of melanin. The genetic mechanism behind human skin color is mainly regulated by the enzyme tyrosinase, which creates the color of the skin, eyes, and hair shades.

Are all babies born with blue eyes? ›

Are all babies born with blue eyes? No. Some Caucasian babies may have eyes that appear gray or blue because of the lack of pigment. As the baby is exposed to light, the eye color can start to change.

What color eyes will baby have? ›

If both the parents have hazel eyes, there are 99% chances that the baby will also have hazel eyes. If both the parents have brown eyes, there is a 75% chance that their child will have brown eyes. If both the parents have green eyes, there are 99% chances that the baby will also have green eyes.

Can 2 blue eyed parents have a brown eyed child? ›

“Can two parents with blue eyes have a child with brown eyes?” Yes, blue-eyed parents can definitely have a child with brown eyes.

Does eye color affect vision? ›

Eye color doesn't significantly affect the sharpness of your vision, but it can affect visual comfort in certain situations. It all comes down to the density of the pigment melanin within your iris, which determines what colors of light are absorbed or reflected.

Can blue eyes turn green? ›

It's completely normal to see blue become brown, hazel, or even green as they get a little older. This color transition can take anywhere from a few months to three years to run its course.

What do hazel eyes look like? ›

Hazel eyes are generally a combination of brown, green, and gold. Sometimes, blue or even amber can make an appearance in hazel eyes, too. Often, hazel-colored eyes have a different hue around the pupil than on the eye's outer rim. This gradient of color can give hazel eyes a “sunburst” effect.

Can honey change eye colour? ›

Some people believe that applying a mixture of honey and water can change your eye color over time. There's no evidence to suggest that this home remedy would work. It's unlikely that honey will penetrate deeper than the outer layers of your cornea, where there is no pigment.

Do eyes get lighter with age? ›

In most people, the answer is no. Eye color fully matures in infancy and remains the same for life. But in a small percentage of adults, eye color can naturally become either noticeably darker or lighter with age. What determines eye color is the pigment melanin.

Can eyes get sunburned? ›

We all know the damaging effects the sun can have on our skin, but did you know you can get a sunburn on your eyes? An eye sunburn, called photokeratitis, occurs when ultraviolet (UV) rays cause damage to the surface of the eyes. Exposure to UV rays can cause inflammation within the eye, specifically to the corneas.

How rare are grey eyes? ›

Close to 3% of the world's population have gray eyes. People with gray eyes have little or no melanin in their irises, but they have more collagen in a part of the eye called the stroma.

Why are grey eyes so rare? ›

Silver (grey) eyes: A grey-silver colour is quite rare and occurs as a result of virtually no melanin in the iris. Silver eyes are considered to be one of the rarest colours around the world, but when they do occur, this is most often seen in eastern Europe areas.

Is Pink an eye color? ›

Unusual eye colors

True pink, red, or violet eyes are due to albinism, a condition in which the body is unable to produce or distribute melanin. The pink color is the color of the retina showing through.

Do silver eyes exist? ›

Silver eye color is rare, although many consider silver eyes to be a variation of blue eye color. Like blue eyes, silver eyes are the result of a very low amount of pigmentation in the eye, which reflects a gray-silver appearance.

Are amber eyes real? ›

Amber eyes are extremely rare. Most sources say that only about 5% of people have true amber eyes. Coming up with a hard and fast number or percentage, though, is not as easy as you might think—there simply haven't been enough large-scale studies done to quantify eye color prevalence with certainty.

Can 2 blue-eyed parents have a brown eyed child? ›

“Can two parents with blue eyes have a child with brown eyes?” Yes, blue-eyed parents can definitely have a child with brown eyes.

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